COVID-19 vaccine development landscape

COVID-19

Please note: This page will no longer be updated as the sources used to inform this work are no longer being updated or displaying information which is up to date, accurate, or complete.

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, our policy support team has been closely monitoring publicly available information on COVID-19 vaccine candidates. We have used information from international platforms, including the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Coalition of Epidemic Preparedness and Innovations (CEPI), national regulatory institutes, clinical trial registries, vaccine developers and manufacturers, and scientific literature to develop the content on this page. Our focus is to understand the current state of development of COVID-19 vaccines and clinical trials. For the most up to date information on COVAX, click here. 

Figures are based on the WHO document Draft landscape of COVID-19 candidate vaccines and monitoring of clinical trials registries.

• COVID-19 vaccines in phase III clinical trials globally

  Candidate vaccines must be tested in preclinical, phase I, phase II, phase III clinical trials before they are licensed and available to the public. For further explanation, refer to Phases of clinical trials page. Traditionally it takes at least 10 years from development to licensure of a vaccine. The pandemic has pushed for an accelerated approach to vaccine development. Several candidate vaccines have moved into the next stage of clinical trials before completion of earlier stage trials.  

  There are several vaccine platforms that are being used for the development of COVID-19 vaccines. These include long-established technologies such as live attenuated virus/ inactivated virus and protein vaccines. More modern methods such as viral vector vaccines and nucleic acid vaccines are also being used to develop COVID-19 vaccines. Refer to Vaccine platforms page for an explanation of different vaccine platforms. 

  Below are candidate vaccines that are currently in phase III clinical trials only. For a full list of COVID-19 candidates in clinical trials, check out the WHO Draft landscape of COVID-19 candidate vaccines and the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine COVID-19 vaccine tracker.

  Click here to find out which vaccines are already in use in other countries.

  Vaccine	Developer/Manufacturer	Vaccine platform	Number of doses, schedule	Agreement (Australia/COVAX)	Regulatory approval status in Australia
  BBV152/Covaxin	Bharat Biotech International	Inactivated	2 doses, 28 days apart		TGA recognised vaccine
  Gam-COVID-Vac	Gamaleya Research Institute	Viral vector	1 dose of Ad26 prime-boost and at day 21 Ad5	COVAX facility	TGA recognised vaccine
  COVAX-19 (with Advax-SM adjuvant)	Vaxine Pty Ltd/Cinnagen	Protein	2 doses, 21 days apart		TGA provisional determination
  Unnamed	Wuhan Institute of Biological Products	Inactivated	2 doses, 21 days apart
  ZF2001	Anhui Zhifei Longcom	Protein	3 doses, 0, 1 and 2 months
  CoVLP	Medicago	Virus like particle	2 doses, 21 days apart
  CVnCoV	CureVac	mRNA	2 doses, 28 days apart
  QazCovid-in-vaccine	Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems	Inactivated	2 doses, 21 days apart
  ZyCoV-D	Zydus Cadila Health Care	DNA	3 doses, 28 days apart
  Unnamed	Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences / Institute of Medical Biology	Inactivated	2 doses, 14 days apart
  VAT00002 (Vidprevtyn)	Sanofi Pasteur/GSK	Protein	2 doses, 21 days apart	COVAX facility
  FINLAY-FR-2	Instituto Finlay de Vacunas	Protein	2 doses, 28 days apart
  EpiVacCorona	Federal Budgetary Research Institution State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology ‘Vector’	Protein	2 doses, 21 days apart
  CIGB-66 / Abdala	Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology	Protein	3 doses, 14 days apart or 28 days apart
  Unnamed	Beijing Minhai Biotechnology / Shenzhen Kangtai Biological Products	Inactivated	2 doses, 28 days apart
  ARCoV	Walvax Biotechnology / Academy of Military Science (AMS) / Suzhou Abogen Biosciences	mRNA	2 doses, 14 days apart or 28 days apart
  VLA2001	Valneva/National Institute for Health Research United Kingdom	Inactivated	2 doses, 21 days apart
  RBD recombinant (Sf9 cell)	West China Hospital / Sichuan University	Protein	2 doses, 28 days apart
  Nanocovax	Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology	Protein	2 doses, 21 days apart
  ERUCOV-VAC (Turkovac)	Erciyes University Turkey	Inactivated	2 doses, 21 days apart
  SCB-2019	Clover Biopharmaceuticals and CEPI	Protein	2 doses, 21 days apart	COVAX once approved by WHO
  GBP510	SK Bioscience Co. and CEPI	Protein	2 doses, 28 days apart	COVAX once approved by WHO
  Fakhravac / Razi Cov Pars	Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute	Protein	2 doses, 21 days apart
  BECOV2	Biological E. Limited and CEPI	Protein	2 doses, 28 days apart	COVAX once approved by WHO
  ARCT-154	Arcturus Therapies Inc	saRNA	2 doses, 28 days apart
  COVI-VAC	Codagenix / Serum Institute of India	Live attenuated virus	1 or 2 doses, 28 days apart
  INO-4800 [with electroporation]	Inovio Pharmaceuticals / Advaccine Biopharmaceuticals	DNA	2 doses, 28 days apart	COVAX facility
  DelNS1-2019-nCoV-RBD-OPT [intranasal spray]	Wantai Biological Pharmacy / University of Hong Kong / Xiamen University	Viral vector (replicating)	2 doses, 28 days apart
  V-01	Livzon Pharmaceutical Group	Protein	2 doses, 21 days apart
  RBD protein recombinant SARS-CoV-2 (Noora vaccine)	Bagheiat-allah University of Medical Sciences	Protein	3 doses, 21 then 14 days apart
  S-268019	Shinogi	Protein	2 doses, 21 days apart
  BBV154 (intranasal)	Bharat Biotech	Viral vector (non-replicating)	1 dose
  PHH-1V	Laboratorios Hipra Scientific	Protein	2 doses, 21 days apart
  SCTV01E	Sinocelltech Ltd.	Protein	3 doses on D0, D28, D180 Or 2 doses, 180 days apart
  S-268019-b	Shionogi Inc.	Protein	2 doses, 21 days apart
  ABNCoV2	Radboud University	Virus-like particle	2 doses, 28 days apart
  Recombinant two-component COVID-19 vaccine (CHO cell) [NTD-RBD-foldon protein]	Jiangsu Rec-Biotechnology Co	Protein subunit	3 doses, 21 days apart
  Omicron-BBIBP-CorV	China National Biotec Group Company Limited & Beijing Institute of Biological Products Co Ltd	Inactivated	1 or 2 booster doses; either 3-6, 6-12 or >12 months after primary course
  CoviVac	Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune and Biological Products	Inactivated	2 doses, 21 days apart
  KD-414	KM Biologics Co Ltd	Inactivated	2 doses, 28 days apart
  Unnamed (adjuvanted with Alum + CpG 1018	PT Bio Farma	Protein subunit	2 doses, 28 days apart
  LVRNA009	AIM Vaccine Co., Ltd. & Liverna Therapeutics	mRNA	2 doses, 28 days apart
  Ad5-nCoV/O & Ad5-nCoV/O-IH (Bivalent ancestral/ Omciron)	CanSino Biologics	Viral vector (bivalent)	1 dose (booster)
  mRNA-1273.214 (Bivalent ancestral/ Omciron)	Moderna	mRNA (bivalent)	2 doses, 28 days apart  OR 1 dose (booster)		TGA provisional approval (booster dose in ≥18 years)
  UNAIR inactivated COVID-19 vaccine	Airlangga University Indonesia	Inactivated	2 doses, 28 days apart
  PTX-COVID19-B	Everest Medicines & Providence Therapeutics	mRNA	2 doses, 28 days apart
  UB-612	Vaxxinity, Inc.	Protein subunit	2 doses, 28 days apart		TGA provisional determination
  EuCorVac-19	EuBiologics Co Ltd	Protein subunit	2 doses, 21 days apart
  SW-BIC-213	Stemirna Therapeutics	mRNA	Booster dose
  Recombinant COVID-19 Vaccine (CHO Cell, NVSI-06-09)	National Vaccine and Serum Institute, China	Protein subunit	1 dose booster, ≥6 months after primary course

  Notes:

  When the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) grants provisional determination, candidates are eligible to apply for provisional registration of their vaccine in the Australian Register of Therapeutic Goods (ARTG).

• COVID-19 vaccines in phase IV post-licensure surveillance globally

  Phase IV studies and surveillance are conducted after a vaccine is licensed and available to the public. During this time, information on vaccine effectiveness in the general population and safety monitoring of any adverse events are collected and analysed. 

  Below are candidate vaccines that are currently in phase IV post-licensure surveillance globally.
   

  Vaccine	Developer/Manufacturer	Vaccine platform	Number of doses, schedule	Agreement (Australia/COVAX)	Regulatory approval status in Australia
  BNT162b2/Tozinameran (Comirnaty)	BioNTech/Pfizer	mRNA	2 doses, 21 days apart	Australia: 20 million doses secured for 2021 COVAX facility: 40 million doses	TGA provisional approval (16 years and older) TGA provisional approval (12 to 15 years) TGA provisional approval (5 to 11 years)  TGA provisional approval (6 months to 4 years)  TGA provisional approval booster dose (≥5 years)  TGA provisional determination for Omicron-targeted vaccines
  ChAdOx1 nCoV-19/AZD1222 (Vaxzevria) *also known as Covishield when manufactured by Serum Institute of India	University of Oxford	Viral vector	2 doses, 12 weeks apart	Australia: secured 53.8 million doses  From early 2021: 3.8 million doses delivered to Australia COVAX facility	TGA provisional approval (≥18 years) TGA provisional approval booster dose (≥18 years)
  mRNA-1273/Elasomeran (Spikevax)	Moderna	mRNA	2 doses, 28 days apart	Supply agreement for 25 million doses Australia during 2021: 10 million doses mRNA-1273 Australia during 2022: 15 million doses mRNA-1273.351 or mRNA-1273.211 COVAX facility	TGA provisional approval (18 years and older) TGA provisional approval (12 to 17 years) TGA provisional approval (6 to 11 years)  TGA provisional approval booster dose (≥12 years)  TGA provisional approval for SPIKEVAX Bivalent Original/Omicron (booster dose in ≥18 years) TGA provisional approval (6 months to 5 years) TGA provisional determination for SPIKEVAX Bivalent Original/Omicron BA.4/BA.5 (booster dose in ≥18 years)
  NVX-CoV2373 (Nuvaxovid, Covovax)	Novavax	Protein	2 doses, 21 days apart	Australia during 2021: 51 million doses available COVAX facility	TGA provisional approval (≥18 years) and TGA provisional approval (12 to 17 years)  TGA provisional approval booster dose (≥18 years)
  Ad26.COV2.S	Janssen (Johnson & Johnson)	Viral vector	1 dose	COVAX facility	TGA provisional approval
  CoronaVac	Sinovac Biotech	Inactivated	2 doses, 14 days apart	COVAX facility	TGA recognised vaccine
  BBIBP-CorV/Covilo	Sinopharm / Beijing Institute of Biological Products	Inactivated	2 doses, 21 days apart	COVAX facility	TGA recognised vaccine TGA removes age limit for vaccine recognition
  MVC-COV190	Medigen Vaccine Biologics	Protein subunit	2 doses, 28 days apart		TGA provisional determination
  Ad5-nCoV (Convidecia or PakVac)	CanSino Biologics	Viral vector	1 dose
  Ad5-nCoV-IH (Convidecia aerosolised and inhaled through mouth)	CanSino Biologics	Viral vector	1 dose
  WIBP-CorV (COVAX Produced in Wuhan)	Sinopharm / Wuhan Institute of Biological Products	Inactivated virus	2 doses, 21 days apart

  Notes:

  * The following COVID-19 vaccines have been granted an Emergency Use Listing (EUL) by the World Health Organization (WHO): BNT162b2 (COMIRNATY), ChAdOx1 (VAXZEVRIA and COVISHIELD), Ad26.COV2.S (JANSSEN COVID-19 VACCINE), mRNA-1273 (SPIKEVAX), BBIBP-CorV (COVILO SINOPHARM), CoronaVac, BBV152 (COVAXIN), NVX-CoV2373 (NUVAXOVID and COVOVAX), Ad5-nCOV (CONVIDECIA)

  † COVID-19 vaccines undergo a prequalification (PQ) evaluation process before they are granted EUL by WHO. The status of COVID-19 vaccines within the WHO EUL/PQ evaluation process can be found here.
   

• COVID-19 vaccine development in Australia

  There are currently 17 COVID-19 vaccines in human clinical trials in Australia. Four vaccines are being developed and trialled in Australia. The other 13 candidates are being developed in countries outside of Australia.

  Previously, the University of Queensland’s vaccine, v451, was in phase I clinical trials, but it did not progress into further trials because the clamp protein (being derived from the HIV virus) has the potential to interfere with some HIV screening tests and can lead to a false positive test result in vaccine recipients.

  Current COVID-19 vaccine trials

  Vaccine	Developer	Platform	Phase	Location	Clinical trials register	Published results
  SCB-2019	Clover Biopharmaceuticals (China)	Protein	I	Perth	NCT04405908	Phase 1 (The Lancet)
  			II-III
  NVX-CoV2373	Novavax (USA)	Protein	I	Melbourne and Brisbane	NCT04368988	Phase 1
  			II	10 locations*
  ICC (combination vaccine of NVX-CoV2373 and qNIV	Novavax (USA)	Adjuvanted combination	I/II	Queensland	NCT04961541
  Covax-19	Vaxine (Australia)	Protein	I	Adelaide	NCT04453852
  RBD-SARS-CoV-2 HBsAg VLP	Spy Biotech (UK)	VLP	I/II	Melbourne	ACTRN12620000817943
  bacTRL-Spike	Symvivo (Canada)	DNA (oral)	I	Melbourne	NCT04334980
  COVIGEN / ChulaCov19 BNA159	BioNet-Asia (Thailand) and Technovalia (Australia)	DNA (needle-free)	I	Sydney, Perth and Adelaide	NCT04742842
  			II	Canberra, Sydney and Brisbane	NCT05605470
  SC-Ad6-1	Tetherex Pharmaceuticals Corporation (USA)	Viral vector (non-replicating)	I	Brisbane	NCT04839042
  VAW00001	Sanofi Pasteur (France)	mRNA	I/II	Qld, Vic, WA & International	NCT04798027
  EDV-plasmid-spike-GC	EnGeneIC (Australia)	EDVTM nanocells packaged with spike protein	I	Melbourne	ACTRN12621001159842
  IN-006	Nucleus Network (USA)	Inhaled antibody	I	Melbourne	ACTRN12621001235897
  IVX-411	Icosavax and University of Washington (USA)	VLP	I/II	Queensland	ACTRN12621000882820
  DoCo-Pro-RBD-1 + MF59	University of Melbourne (Australia) /  Southern Star Research (Australia)	Adjuvanted beta variant RBD recombinant protein	I	Melbourne	NCT05272605
  MIPSCo-mRNA-RBD-1	University of Melbourne (Australia) /  Southern Star Research (Australia)	mRNA (beta variant)	I	Melbourne	NCT05272605
  BNT162b2 & mRNA-1273 (fractional doses)             NCT05228730	Murdoch Children's Research Institute & CEPI	mRNA	III	Victoria	NCT05228730
  ‘PICOBOO’: BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273 booster following 2 doses of BNT162b2 or ChAdOx primary	Telethon Kids Institute	mRNA	III	Perth, Adelaide & Launceston	ACTRN12622000238774
  EG-COVID-003 or  EG-COVID-001	EyeGene Inc. (South Korea) /  Novotech (Australia) Pty Ltd	mRNA	I/II	Sydney	NCT05188469
  IN002.5.1 (in comparison with approved mRNA)	Shenzhen Shenxin Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (China)	mRNA	I	New Zealand and Australia	ACTRN12622001415796p

  The Australian Government pledged almost $6 million in additional funding from the Medical Research Future Fund’s (MRFF) Coronavirus Research Response to support research and development of three Australian COVID-19 vaccines. For further information on COVID-19 vaccine development in Australia, click here and for further information on the phase I/Ib human trial, click here. 

  * To see the 10 locations in Australia for Novavax's phase II trial, see the trial register. 

  Laboratory and pre-clinical vaccine trials

  Organisation	Platform	Collaborator
  Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery GRIDD, Queensland	Virus-like particle	Lunia Bio (biomanufacturing)
  Griffith University, Queensland	Live attenuated	Indian Immunologicals Limited (manufacturing)
  Doherty Institute, Victoria	Virus like particle	Not yet published
  Monash University, Melbourne	mRNA (3 candidates)	Not yet published
  University of South Australia, South Australia	Non replicating viral vector using Sementis-Copenhagen vector (SCV) platform technology	Sementis Ltd
  University of Queensland	Viral vector (1 x replication), intranasal administration (nasal spray)	Nucleus Network
  Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, The University of Sydney, New South Wales	Protein subunit	Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI), Bharat Biotech International, ExcellGene SA, Centenary Institute (Australia)
• COVID-19 vaccine introduction and program planning in Australia

  Therapeutic Goods Administration

  The Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) is responsible for assessing all COVID-19 vaccines before they can be used in Australia. The granting of a provisional determination means that the TGA has made a decision that relevant sponsors are now eligible to apply for provisional registration for the vaccine in the Australian Register of Therapeutic Goods (ARTG). Once approved by the TGA, the vaccine is included in the ARTG as a provisionally registered medicine and is able to be lawfully supplied in Australia by the sponsor. Further information on the TGA’s COVID-19 vaccine approval process can be found here. 

  The following COVID-19 vaccines have received provisional approval from the TGA and are included in the ARTG as a provisionally registered medicine:

  • VAXZEVRIA (previously COVID-19 Vaccine AstraZeneca) developed by AstraZeneca and the University of Oxford
  • COMIRNATY (tozinameran) developed by Pfizer-BioNTech
  • SPIKEVAX (elasomeran) developed by Moderna
  • NUVAXOVID (NVX-CoV2373) developed by Novavax
  • COVID-19 Vaccine Janssen developed by Janssen/Johnson and Johnson (approved but not in use in Australia)
  • SPIKEVAX Bivalent Original/Omicron developed by Moderna
  • COMIRNATY Original/Omicron BA.1 (tozinameran and riltozinameran) developed by Pfizer-BioNTech
  • COMIRNATY Original/Omicron BA.4-5 (tozinameran & famtozinameran) developed by Pfizer-BioNTech
  • SPIKEVAX Bivalent Original/Omicron BA.4-5 (elasomeran and davesomeran) developed by Moderna

   

  The following COVID-19 vaccines have received provisional determination from the TGA, and are currently under review:

  • Riltozinameran (COMIRNATY OMICRON)
  • Elasomeran and Davesomeran (SPIKEVAX BIVALENT ORIGINAL-OMICRON BA.4-BA.5)
  • MVC-COV1901-S-2P-Protein (MVC-COV1901 Vaccine)
  • Recombinant CoV-2-S-ΔTM protein with Advax-CpG55.2 (known as COVAX-19 and SpikoGen overseas)
  • UB-612 COVID-19 Vaccine

   

  Bivalent COVID-19 vaccines in Australia

  The TGA has granted provisional approval, or is currently evaluating, the following bivalent vaccines for use in Australia:

  • TGA provisionally approved Moderna's Spikevax Bivalent Original/Omicron BA.1 (elasomeran/imelasomeran) for use as a booster dose in adults 18 years and over
  • TGA provisionally approved Pfizer’s Comirnaty Original/Omicron BA.1 (tozinameran and riltozinameran) for use as a booster dose in adults 18 years and over
  • TGA provisionally approved Pfizer-BioNTech’s Comirnaty Original/Omicron BA.4-5 (tozinameran & famtozinameran) as a booster dose in individuals aged 12 years and older
  • TGA provisionally approved Moderna’s SPIKEVAX Bivalent Original/Omicron BA.4-5 (elasomeran and davesomeran as a booster dose in individuals aged 12 years and older

  
  The TGA recognises some COVID-19 vaccines that are used in other countries, but not approved for use in Australia. Please find further information on COVID-19 vaccines recognised in Australia for incoming travellers here. 

  Commonwealth Government COVID-19 Vaccine Taskforce

  The COVID-19 Vaccine Taskforce is working with the Australian Technical Advisory Group on Immunisation (ATAGI) COVID-19 Working Group, the TGA as well as local and international vaccine manufacturers for access to and delivery of safe and effective COVID-19 vaccines for all Australians. 

  COVID-19 vaccines will and must be evaluated for safety and effectiveness before they are registered for use in Australia. Strategic planning on the COVID-19 vaccine program implementation, safety monitoring and communication is underway. 

  Access our COVID-19 vaccination program in Australia page here

  COVID-19 vaccines and treatments

  There is currently no specific treatment or approved vaccine that cures or prevents COVID-19. Researchers and companies across the world are developing potential vaccines and treatments, and the Australian Government has a strategy to deliver them to Australians.

  Read about vaccines and treatments here

  Read about the strategy here

  Australia’s vaccine agreements

  Australia has entered into five separate agreements for the supply of COVID-19 vaccines, if they are proved to be safe and effective.

  Read about these agreements here

  Find out more about each of these vaccines for COVID-19 and the COVAX Facility by clicking on the links below:

  The University of Oxford vaccine 

  The University of Queensland vaccine 

  The Novavax vaccine 

  The Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine 

  The COVAX Facility

  Australia’s epidemiology and COVID-19 vaccine roadmap

  Read the strategy here 

  COVID-19 vaccines: Frequently asked questions

  Visit our COVID-19 vaccines: Frequently asked questions page to find answers to some commonly asked questions about COVID-19 vaccines.