COVID-19

 

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, our policy support team has been closely monitoring publicly available information on COVID-19 vaccine candidates. We have used information from international platforms, including the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Coalition of Epidemic Preparedness and Innovations (CEPI), national regulatory institutes, clinical trial registries, vaccine developers and manufacturers, and scientific literature to develop the content on this page. Our focus is to understand the current state of development of COVID-19 vaccines and clinical trials. We will be updating this page weekly. 

 

Figures are based on the WHO document Draft landscape of COVID-19 candidate vaccines and monitoring of clinical trials registries.

• COVID-19 vaccines in phase III clinical trials globally

  Candidate vaccines must be tested in preclinical, phase I, phase II, phase III clinical trials before they are licensed and available to the public. For further explanation, refer to Phases of clinical trials page. Traditionally it takes at least 10 years from development to licensure of a vaccine. The pandemic has pushed for an accelerated approach to vaccine development. Several candidate vaccines have moved into the next stage of clinical trials before completion of earlier stage trials.  

  There are several vaccine platforms that are being used for the development of COVID-19 vaccines. These include long-established technologies such as live attenuated virus/ inactivated virus and protein vaccines. More modern methods such as viral vector vaccines and nucleic acid vaccines are also being used to develop COVID-19 vaccines. Refer to Vaccine platforms page for an explanation of different vaccine platforms. 

  Below are candidate vaccines that are currently in phase III clinical trials only. For a full list of COVID-19 candidates in clinical trials, check out the WHO Draft landscape of COVID-19 candidate vaccines and the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine COVID-19 vaccine tracker.

  Click here to find out which vaccines are already in use in other countries.

  Vaccine	Developer/Manufacturer	Vaccine platform	Number of doses, schedule	Agreement (Australia/COVAX)	Regulatory approval status in Australia
  ChAdOx1 nCoV-19/AZD1222	University of Oxford	Viral vector	2 doses, 28 days apart	Australia: secured 53.8 million doses From early 2021: 3.8 million doses delivered to Australia 50 million doses COVAX facility	TGA provisional determination*
  CoronaVac	Sinovac Biotech	Inactivated	2 doses, 14 days apart
  Unnamed	Wuhan Institute of Biological Products	Inactivated	2 doses, 21 days apart
  BBIBP-CorV	Beijing Institute of Biological Products	Inactivated	2 doses, 21 days apart
  mRNA-1273	Moderna	mRNA	2 doses, 28 days apart	COVAX facility
  BNT162b2	BioNTech/Pfizer	mRNA	2 doses, 21 days apart	Australia from early 2021: 10 million doses delivered	TGA provisional determination*
  Gam-COVID-Vac	Gamaleya Research Institute	Viral vector	1 dose of Ad26 prime-boost and at day 21 Ad5	COVAX facility
  Ad5-nCoV	CanSino Biologics	Viral vector	1 dose
  Ad26.CoV2.S	Janssen	Viral vector	1 dose or 2 doses, 56 days apart
  NVX-CoV2373	Novavax	Protein	2 doses, 21 days apart	Australia during 2021: 51 million doses available COVAX facility
  BBV152/Covaxin	Bharat Biotech International	Inactivated	2 doses, 28 days apart
  ZF2001	Anhui Zhifei Longcom	Protein	3 doses, 0, 1 and 2 months
  CoVLP	Medicago	Virus like particle	2 doses, 21 days apart
  CVnCoV	CureVac	mRNA	2 doses, 28 days apart
  QazCovid-in-vaccine	Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems	Inactivated	2 doses, 21 days apart

  * The Therapeutics Goods Administration (TGA) has given provisional determination to three vaccine candidates. These candidates are now eligible to apply for provisional registration of their vaccine in the Australian Register of Therapeutic Goods (ARTG).

• COVID-19 vaccines in clinical trials in Australia

  There are currently six COVID-19 vaccines in human clinical trials in Australia.

  Two candidates, Covax-2019 (Vaxine) and SARS-CoV-2 S clamp u451 (University of Queensland), are being developed and trialled in Australia. The u451 vaccine will not proceed to phase III clinical trials because the clamp protein (being derived from the HIV virus) has the potential to interfere with some HIV screening tests and can lead to a false positive test result in vaccine recipients.

  The other four candidates are being developed in countries outside of Australia: the SCB-2019 candidate by Clover Biopharmaceuticals is developed in China, the NVX-CoV2373 candidate by Novavax is developed in the United States, the RBD-SARS-CoV-2 HBsAg VLP vaccine by SpyBiotech is developed in the United Kingdom (and has a partnership with the Serum institute of India) and the bacTRL-Spike vaccine by Symvivo is developed in Canada.

  Novavax published phase 1 results in the New England Journal of Medicine on 2 September 2020. 

  At the end of September, the Australian Government pledged almost $6 million in additional funding from the Medical Research Future Fund’s (MRFF) Coronavirus Research Response to support research and development of three Australian COVID-19 vaccines. For further information on COVID-19 vaccine development in Australia, click here and for further information on the phase I/Ib human trial, click here.
   

  

   

  * To see the 10 locations in Australia for Novavax's phase II trial, see the trial register. 
• COVID-19 vaccine development in Australia

  Several COVID-19 candidate vaccines are being developed in Australia. Two candidates have entered into phase I clinical trials and others are currently in laboratory and pre-clinical stages. The following information is from publicly available data and may not include all candidates in development in Australia. 

  

  Vaccine	Developer	Platform	Collaborators	Manufacturing capacity	Trial
  Covax-19	Vaxine	Recombinant spike protein with Advax® adjuvant	Medytox, South Korea (biopharmaceutical) and Oracle Cloud technology (technical collaboration)	Not yet published	Commenced phase I trial on 30 June 2020 in Adelaide
  SARS-CoV-2 S clamp	The University of Queensland	Protein subunit with the MF59 adjuvant	CSIRO (pre-clinical testing) and Coalition of Epidemic Preparedness and Innovations, CEPI (funding)	CSL (100 million doses)	Commenced phase I trial on 14 July 2020 in Brisbane

   

   

   

   

   

  

  Organisation	Platform	Collaborator
  Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery GRIDD, Queensland	Virus-like particle	Lunia Bio (biomanufacturing)
  Griffith University, Queensland	Live attenuated	Indian Immunologicals Limited (manufacturing)
  Doherty Institute, Victoria	Virus like particle	Not yet published
  Monash University, Melbourne	mRNA (3 candidates)	Not yet published
  University of South Australia, South Australia	Non replicating viral vector using Sementis-Copenhagen vector (SCV) platform technology	Sementis Ltd

• COVID-19 vaccine introduction and program planning in Australia

  Therapeutic Goods Administration

  The Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) has given provisional determination to three vaccine candidates: 

  • University of Oxford/AstraZeneca’s candidate ChAdOx1 nCoV-19/AZD1222 
  • BioNTech/Pfizer’s candidate BNT162b2 
  • Janssen’s candidate Ad26.COV2.S
     

  This means that these companies are now eligible to apply for provisional registration of their vaccine in the Australian Register of Therapeutic Goods (ARTG). However, these companies have not yet made any application to be registered for use in the ARTG. 

  Provisional determination is the first step, before provisional registration.

  Commonwealth Government COVID-19 Vaccine Taskforce

  The COVID-19 Vaccine Taskforce is working with the Australian Technical Advisory Group on Immunisation (ATAGI) COVID-19 Working Group, the TGA as well as local and international vaccine manufacturers for access to and delivery of safe and effective COVID-19 vaccines for all Australians. 

  COVID-19 vaccines will and must be evaluated for safety and effectiveness before they are registered for use in Australia. Strategic planning on the COVID-19 vaccine program implementation, safety monitoring and communication is underway. 

  COVID-19 vaccines and treatments

  There is currently no specific treatment or approved vaccine that cures or prevents COVID-19. Researchers and companies across the world are developing potential vaccines and treatments, and the Australian Government has a strategy to deliver them to Australians.

  Read about vaccines and treatments here

  Read about the strategy here

  Australia’s vaccine agreements

  Australia has entered into five separate agreements for the supply of COVID-19 vaccines, if they are proved to be safe and effective.

  Read about these agreements here

  Find out more about each of these vaccines for COVID-19 and the COVAX Facility by clicking on the links below:

  The University of Oxford vaccine 

  The University of Queensland vaccine 

  The Novavax vaccine 

  The Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine 

  The COVAX Facility

  Australia’s epidemiology and COVID-19 vaccine roadmap

  Read the strategy here 

  COVID-19 vaccines: Frequently asked questions

  Visit our COVID-19 vaccines: Frequently asked questions web page to find answers to some commonly asked questions about COVID-19 vaccines.